in what year was the new york stock exchange created?

New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)

Founded	1792
Headquarters	New York, NY
Key People	Stacey Cunningham, President
Products	listed securities

The New York Stock Exchange, located at 11 Wall Street in New York City, is the world's largest stock exchange by market cap of all its listed companies and is often referred to as the "Big Board."

It is owned by the IntercontinentalExchange, which acquired it in November 2013 along with NYSE's complementary stock and options markets, NYSE Arca and NYSE Arca Options. NYSE lists more than 2,300 companies with a collective market cap of $28.8 trillion.^[1] ^[2]

The NYSE uses a Designated Market Maker (DMM) model in which DMMs have obligations to maintain fair and orderly markets for their assigned securities. They operate both manually and electronically.^[3]

History [edit]

The New York Stock Exchange traces its origins to 1792, when 24 New York City stockbrokers and merchants signed what was known as the Buttonwood Agreement, forged under a Buttonwood tree, agreeing to trade securities on a commission basis. ^[4] They began by trading five securities: three government bonds and two banks stocks.^[5]

These early New York brokers eventually established a formal organization, called the New York Stock & Exchange Board ("NYS&EB") in 1817. They rented rooms at 40 Wall street and adopted a constitution with rules for business conduct. The organization became the New York Stock Exchange in 1863.

The NYS&EB moved to temporary headquarters in 1835 after a fire destroyed more than 700 buildings in lower Manhattan.

In 1857, panic hit the markets after the collapse of the Ohio Life Insurance & Trust Company. Stock prices dropped 8 to 10% during a single trading session. As a result of the "Panic of 1857", stock prices slumped 45% since the first of the year.

Following the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, the NYS&EB suspended trading in securities of the seceding Southern states.

In 1865 the New York Stock Exchange moved to 10-12 Broad Street, just south of Wall Street. That same year the exchange closed for a week following the assassination of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln.

In 1868, membership at the NYSE became a property right and members could sell their seats. Throughout the exchange's history, membership prices have varied widely: In 1871, a seat sold for $2,780, and in December 2005 a membership sold for a record $4 million.

On Black Friday in 1869 the market fell as a result of speculation in gold.

In 1873, the NYSE closed for 10 days as a result of severe financial panic following the bankruptcy of Jay Cooke & Company, a prominent Philadelphia banking firm.

The Panic of 1907 was triggered by rumors of financial problems at Knickerbocker Trust, a leading New York bank, which in turn triggered a run on banks throughout New York City. This was America's most severe financial crisis to date and it was J.P. Morgan, Sr. who orchestrated a plan to infuse banks with cash and shore up the stock market.

As a result of the outbreak of World War I, the NYSE closed for 4 1/2 months following other securities exchanges around the world. The NYSE shut its doors on July 31, 1914 and was closed for the longest period in exchange history.

In 1929, stock prices fell sharply on October 24 with record volumes. Five days later the market crashed with a new record of 16 million shares traded. October 19, 1929 came to be called "Black Tuesday" and led to the Great Depression.

In 1939, NYSE hired its firm full-time salaried president, William McChesney Martin, Jr.

The war year of 1943 saw women working on the NYSE's trading floor for the first time, ending the tradition of men only.

On November 22, 1963 the exchange closed early to prevent panic selling after the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy.

In 1970, on February 12, Joseph L. Searles, III became the first African-American member of the New York Stock Exchange.^[6]

In 1971, the NYSE incorporated itself as a not-for-profit company.

In 1987, the stock market crashed 508 points, the largest one-day drop in the exchange's history. Volume was an unprecedented 604 million shares traded. This is referred to as the Market crash of 1987 or Black Monday.

In 1997, the Dow Jones Industrial Average plummeted 554 points in what was referred to as a flash crash.

On September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks destroyed the World Trade Center. The NYSE closed for four days -- its longest closure since 1933 -- and reopened on September 17, setting a volume record of 2.37 billion shares.

It merged with Euronext N.V. in 2007 to create NYSE Euronext. NYSE Euronext was bought by its former rival the InterContinentalExchange (ICE) in 2013 and in 2014 Euronext was spun off through an IPO. ^[7]

In early 2017, it was announced that the trading floor of the NYSE MKT exchange, formerly known as the American Stock Exchange (AMEX), would shut down in the second quarter of 2017. When the closure became effective, all trading on the NYSE MKT exchange, which lists and trades around 250 small-cap companies, would be automated, including opening, re-opening, and closing auctions. ^[8] The open trading floor was replaced by a new trading technology platform known as Pillar that connected all of its equities and options markets, including the NYSE, NYSE MKT, NYSE Arca Equities, NYSE Arca Options, and NYSE Amex Options.^[9] NYSE Group completed the rollout of NYSE Pillar matching engines on NYSE Arca in May of 2016.

The exchange began upgrading to the new Pillar technology on August 5, 2019, with plans to move all stocks listed on the Big Board in phases from the old system to the new one over a three-week period. Previous Pillar rollouts on other, lower-profile NYSE exchanges were marred by glitches and delays.^[10]

On April 9, 2018, the NYSE ended the decades-old restriction that prevented stocks listed on rival exchanges from being bought and sold on the NYSE. The change was part of an upgrade to the exchange's systems. It expanded the number of securities that can potentially be traded on the exchange to the approximately 8,600 stocks and ETFs listed in the U.S. Until that date, the NYSE was the only one of the 12 U.S. stock exchanges in operation that limited trading to its own listed securities.^[11]

NYSE Organization [edit]

The exchange was first organized on May 17, 1792.
It was incorporated on Feb. 18, 1971 as the New York Stock Exchange, Inc., a not-for-profit corporation.
It was established as a for-profit corporation, the NYSE Group, on March 7, 2006.
It announced an agreement to combine NYSE and Euronext to "redefine the marketplace for trading cash and derivatives securities, producing significant benefits for shareholders, issuers and users," on June 1, 2006.
The creation of NYSE Euronext occurred on Apr. 4, 2007.
The NYSE was purchased in November 2013 by the Intercontinental Exchange.

NYSE Firsts and Records [edit]

First member firm to go public: Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, 1970
First member firm to be listed on the NYSE: Merrill Lynch, 1971
Highest price paid for a membership: $4 million on December 2005
Lowest price paid for a membership: $2,750 in 1871
First listed company: Bank of New York, traded under the Buttonwood Tree, 1792
Longest listed company: Con Edison, listed in 1824 as the New York Gas Light Company
Oldest listed company: Sotheby's, founded 1744; listed 1990

NYSE Volume Market Highlights [edit]

Daily share volume (first day over):

1 million - 1886
5 million - 1928
10 million - 1929 (It took one year to double share volume, and another 49 to quintuple it.)
50 million - 1978
100 million - 1982
500 million - 1987 (It took only five years to quintuple share volume, culminating in the stock market crash of Oct. 19, 1987 - the crash was actually fairly short lived compared to the "furor" it caused.)
1 billion - 1997 (It took another 10 years to double share volume.)
2 billion - 2001
3 billion - 2005
4 billion - 2007
5 billion - 2007

NYSE Highs And Lows

5,799,792,281 shares on Aug. 16, 2007; lowest volume day: 31 shares on March 16, 1830
Dow Jones Industrial Average biggest single-day jump: 499.19 points, March 16, 2000
Dow Jones Industrial Average biggest single-day drop: 684.81 points, Sept. 17, 2001

Products and Services [edit]

On May 18, 2015, the NYSE launched a bitcoin index, formally called the NYSE Bitcoin Index (NYXBT). It is the first such index produced by a major exchange. Bloomberg had been providing bitcoin prices quotes since 2014, and various bitcoin exchanges provide their own quotes, as do news sites such as CoinDesk. The index will be made available through NYSE's Global Index Feed and will be free on its website for a limited time. It is intended to serve as a definitive benchmark for valuing the currency.^[12]

The exchange received approval from the SEC in May 2017 to introduce a "speed bump" on one of its trading venues. The move was seen as a direct challenge to IEX, its smaller rival, which pioneered the speed bump.^[13] NYSE's bump allows a delay of 350 micrseconds on NYSE MKT, which was renamed "NYSE American."^[14]

Key People [edit]

Stacey Cunningham, President
Jeffrey Sprecher, Chairman
Marshall Carter, Deputy Chairman
Dominique Cerutti, President & Deputy Chief Executive Officer

References [edit]

↑ The NYSE Network. ICE.
↑ THE NYSE LISTED COMPANY NETWORK. NYSE.
↑ NYSE: Market Model. NYSE.
↑ History. NYSE Euronext.
↑ Timeline. NYSE Euronext.
↑ Watch This: Black History at NYSE. The Root.
↑ Investors Approve NYSE Sale to ICE. The Wall Street Journal.
↑ NYSE MKT stock exchange to end floor trading -regulatory filing. Reuters.
↑ NYSE MKT's Floor Trading Shuts Down in Q2 2017, Marking End of Pits Era. Finance Magnates.
↑ NYSE Aims to Speed Up Trading With Core Tech Upgrade. The Wall Street Journal.
↑ NYSE Opens Doors to Stocks From Rival Exchanges, Ending Decades-Old Policy. The Wall Street Journal.
↑ NYSE creates a new bitcoin index. Mashable.
↑ NYSE wins approval for 'speed bump' in trading. The Financial Times.
↑ SEC Approves New York Stock Exchange Speed Bump Plan. The Wall Street Journal.